The ring-shaped space stations
The origin of discussions of the "Ringwords" has been started in the 1950s when NASA planned to create the wheel-looking space station, which would create artificial gravity by using the rotation movement, and the thing is that the size of that space station would be approximately 500-600 meters maximum. That space station would be created by using a modular structure, and it would send to space in small bites. Then those bites would dock together to one big entirety.
This was the first version of this kind of structure. Then Gerald O'Neill created an idea, that inside the ring-shaped space station would be the vegetables and other things, what would make it look like Earth inside the station. Sometimes this kind of space station would be planned to equip with a nuclear reactor, and it would be planned to use as the "cruiser", what will travel through the solar system. In that "cruiser" the crew can live in the conditions, which are similar to what is found from Earth.
Ringworlds
The ringworld is one of the most enormous things, that we can ever imagine. The idea is similar to the wheel-shaped space station, but the size of the Ringworld is larger. And the idea is that things would orbit the entire star. We could make that thing, in theory, but we don't have materials for that kind of megastructure. But if we would send a couple of trillion robots to the asteroid belt, and time to wait a couple of hundred years this thing would be true.
And that creature can use electromagnetic protection field to defend itself from asteroids. In some scenarios, the microwave field would turn every incoming asteroid to molecules. That is necessary, because of this kind of structure would pull other objects to it, and that would cause that the "Ringworld" might have so huge gravity, that we cannot even imagine.
This is one of the greatest problems with this scenario. The "Ringworld" would be an extremely heavy object, which will pull other objects to it. The sun can sooner or later pull that thing in pieces, because of the solar wind would stress the materials of the "Ringworld". So the electromagnetic system would also need to deny the particles of solar wind to touch the structures of the "Ringworld".
The problem is how those robots would get enough energy. The materials for this Ringworld would get from the asteroid belt and if we would explode Mars and a couple of other planets and moons, that thing would become true. And then we can transfer entire water from Earth and Europa-moon to that artificial structure. But the rotation speed of this structure must be very high, and the centrifugal force would destroy it quite easily.
One of the ideas to make ringworld is to use the multiple, plate looking space stations. Those separate structures would act like one big structure, and this would make this structure safer than the one big kinetic structure would be. Traffic between those stations would be done by using connection spacecraft. And the space stations would orbit the central star by using the same trajectory in the chain formation.
Those space stations and ring words need so enormous investments, that we must ask, what would be the case when we would make that thing? Maybe the end of our sun will be the point when we are making such big things. And the "Ringworlds" would give a solution, what we can benefit from when we must move entire civilization to another star.
"Omega spacecraft" the mega-sized version of Orion spacecraft, which panned to use nuclear bombs for interplanetary traveling.
The solution for the moving to another star would be given by one of the wildest visions of the future: hypothetical "Omega Spacecraft" mega-size version of "Orion". The craft that would use nova or supernova eruption for giving punch for moving entire civilization to another star.
The "Ringworld would be the step, that is needed when the entire civilization must move to another place. The hypothetical "Omega Spacecraft" is an idea for creating the vehicle, what the entire civilization can be used for moving from the solar system to another one.
The idea is to create a giant omega-looking spacecraft, which is surrounding the central star. Unless the "Ringworld" the spacecraft would have a hole in one direction, and the size of the hole would be so big, that the star would go through it. And when the central star of the solar system explodes as the nova or supernova, the particles of the exploding star would push the craft in a certain direction.
The hypothetical mega-sized craft would be created above or below the star, and then it will be laid to the direct location just before the star is starting to explode. In this case, the artificial gravity of the craft would be created by using the rotating cylinders inside the core of the craft.
But as you see thins might be the project, what some civilization would make only when their central star will be exploding. There would need enormous resources for that project, and the entire material of the solar system must be used, and that thing would make this thig pure hypothetical way to move to another solar system.
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