About particles, what is elder than our solar system

About particles, what is elder than our solar system

In the beginning, we must understand that the Sun is not the eldest star in our galaxy, and our galaxy is not probably the eldest of the galaxies in-universe. So when we are thinking about the possibility that the particle that is elder than the Sun has been found on Antarctica, we must realize that the small particles are coming from another solar system all the time. 

Here I mean the grain of sand-sized particles must be most common visitors, and some of them are coming from very long distances. The reality is that the small particles are aways more common than large particles, and that thing means that most visitors in our solar system must be farl smaller that the famous Oamuamua. 

The visitors like Oamuamua and other asteroids are not the most common particles in the Universe, and if the visitor from another solar system would come to our solar system it must have enough energy to win the effect of the solar wind, or otherwise, the particle would be pushed away from our solar system. But because Oamuamua came to our solar system there must be smaller particles, what we cannot see, and what also comes from the long distances. 

So could this type of gran of sand-sized particle drop in the Antarcean, or does it burn in the atmosphere? 

There is no straight answer to that kind of question. We must think the situation that the grain of sand would be covered by the ice layer, which means that this kind of bite of sand can be dropped to the ground, and if that dropping point is Antarctica, that kind of sand bite would contain very important information like minerals from the other solar systems. 

If the stone is elder than the Sun or our solar system, we can try to determine the atomic and isotope structure of the minerals, and also search the possibility to find the remains of cells or other living organisms. And that data can help us to find out, why life has been grown on our planet?

Even if the fossils of bacteria do not exist, the meteorite would tell us about the solar system, which might be destroyed by supernova a long time ago. But also those bacteria or some other organisms might have formed on Earth, and they would be a slip in the void of the rock after it has been dropped on Antarctica.

This kind of thing is a very fascinating opportunity to see what kind of minerals and gasses would be in the other solar systems. But first, we must find the particle, what we can prove come from another solar system, and one of the best proof is that the meteorite, what researchers are observing would contain a certain level of some isotopes. 

If we would have some fossils of the living cells, we could use C-14 or some other radioactive method for making those determinations. But if the bite does not contain organic material the only way to determine the age is to find out the isotope structure of the bite. That structure tells something about the origin of the meteorite. Problem is that those things, that the researchers can find out are directional, and the thing is that we don't know all asteroids in our solar system. 

The moons of planet Mars, Phobos, and Deimos are unique, so-called carbon asteroids. They are opening the eyes of the astronomers, that there could be single asteroids in our solar system, which might be different than others. And there could be more about this kind of carbon-asteroids, which are far smaller than those two asteroids. The relativity of elements can be unique in some asteroids, and when we are thinking about the protons and electrons, those nucleoids or sub-atomic particles are formed during the Big Bang. 

And that thing tells also something, about the conditions, where the particle has been formed. If the materials are containing metals like iron and nickel, that tells that it could be from a similar planet, what Earth is. If that kind of planet has been destructed in the supernova explosion, this means that the planet could have some kind of lifeforms. 

https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/solar-system-formation

Can any particle travel between universes?

Can any particle travel between universes?

If the multiverse theory would be true, and there are other universes, we might ask a one really interesting question, and that is: could object travel between universes. So when we are thinking about the edge of the universe, we might use the term "solid", if any object than a photon can cross that line. 

The thing is that if some object wants to travel across the border of the universe, that thing would need so much energy, that we cannot ever imagine that thing. The object must win the gravity of the entire universe, which means that it would pull the particles back with the power of all galaxies and dark matter particles, and that means that the gravity level, what it must win is so huge, that we ever cannot imagine that thing. 

The form of the universe is a very interesting thing to think, and when we are thinking about multiverse theory, that theory has brought many things in the mind of the theorists. One of the most interesting questions is can the light or some object across the line, what is called "the edge of the universe"? 

In this case, we might ask, is the layer of the universe solid or is it something else? And then we might start to define, what the world "solid" means at this time. If we are thinking that the edge of the universe is the point, where our universes domination ends, and after that point, the gravity of our universe would not pull objects back, we might think the possibility, that could some object travel to another universe, if the supernova blows in that border? 

In this case, the word "solid" means that nothing can go across that line, which is the shockwave of the Big Bang. And why we are interested in the edge of the universe? The thing is that the first formed stars would find at that layer. And this thing makes the location of the Big Bang very interesting. If we find the location of that object, we might define the distance of our solar system to that location. 

So if we would find the galaxies or black holes that are farther from that location, that means that that object is forming before our solar system. And how simple this kind of thing seems in the paper. But we know that there is a big difference between practical solutions and theories. In this example, I started to write that the speed of galaxies is stable, and all galaxies are traveling at the same speed. 

But we have forgotten that there is a possibility that there are galaxies, which are formed of dark mater or gas and dust. Those giant disks would have gravity but there would be no stars at all. And that means those objects would pull the other galaxies faster than others, which means that the galaxies would not travel with the same speed, and this means that in the practical world only the very big distances means that some galaxy is older than some other galaxy. 

So can the object travel between universes?

If wormholes or "Einstein-Rosen bridges" (1) are real, the meteorite or asteroid could travel between universes. Can the energy of the supermassive black holes, what are oscillating with the same frequency be so powerful that the Einstein-Rosen bridge or wormhole would be forming between those objects, what are in different universes? And that means that there is a possibility that the object, what is formed of antimatter can travel to our universe or even in our solar system. There is a hypothesis that some supernova explosions are caused by antimaterial, what impacts with stars or planets. 

But can object make that journey without wormholes? This thing is a really interesting question. The journey between universes would take so long time, that the neutrons of the atoms would start to break, which means that the material stops its existence. And that means that if some particle would slip to another universe, that would be meanless to the things in another universe.  

(1)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Image:

https://miro.medium.com/max/2700/1*QS59aHuIEgJoIogixOJ32w.jpeg

Could The Bethlehem's star be an eruption of Sirius B or Van Maanen's star?

Could The Bethlehem's star be an eruption of Sirius B or Van Maanen's star?

The answer to the question of Bethlehem's star could be an eruption of the surface of Van Maanen's star or Sirius B. 

Could Van Maanen's (1) star (Van Maanen 2) or Sirius B (2)the Bethlehem's star? Van Maanen's star is too cold for being that star, but could that thing be the Sirius B. The age of Sirius B is about 228 million years, but there is the possibility that some kind of eruption on the surface of Sirius B has caused the effect, what we are known as Bethlehem's star. 

The star itself can be old, but sometimes the white dwarfs and neutron stars are impacting with bigger particles or a large mass of gas or dust will be dropped to the surface of the star, and that causes a very big explosion. So this kind of eruption that happens at close star would cause an effect that the new star has been born to skies. 

The most common explanation for that thing is the supernova or nova (3) eruption or explosion, which exploded somewhere in our Galaxy. And that thing is one of the most interesting theories in the world. Some scientists have believed, that the Bethlehem's star is the Van Maanen's star, what is at the distance of the 14,5 light-years from Earth, and that thing would explain the mystery of the Bethlehem's star. 

Van Maanen's star has ever been the supernova, but the nova-eruption, what has been happened so close would be very bright, and that thing would be seen in the darkest night. The key question in this theory is that the age of that white dwarf is too old being Bethlehem's star. But sometimes even the lonely white dwarfs are erupting, when the bigger particles are impacting them, and could the Bethlehem's star be the eruption on the surface of Van Maanen's star?

But the problem is that Van Maanen's star or Van Maanen 2 is too hot being the Bethlehem's star. And that means there could be another white dwarf near Earth, but nobody has been found. Sometimes also Sirius B is claimed to be that nova. 

The distance to that star is 8,611 light-years, which means that also smaller changes to the brightness of that star are easy to recognize. And the surface temperature of Sirius B is very hot, but the reason for that is the material from Sirius A is dropping to Sirius B, and that determines the age of that star difficult by using the surface temperature. But this is only theory. And the answer for the mythical Bethlehem's star could be the eruption on the surface of Sirius B. 

Could the Bethlehem's star be some kind of propaganda tale?

One explanation for the Bethlehem's star would be that it is only the propaganda tale. In that theory, some leaders of the Jewish community or Romans created this tale for making the chosen one brave. The story would be told that God was protecting that child, who will be the king of Jews. 

The purpose of those tales, what are told to noble children's purpose was to prove, that the God or higher spirits were protecting that person, that the royal mission was to complete. And if Jesus was the descendant of the King of Israel, that meant that the royal mission was to get Romans out from that place. 

When we are thinking about the hypothetical descendant of Jesus, we must remember, that the rule of the kings was, that they must protect their families for making the heir for themselves. That means that the holy bloodline would have existed. But this thing is only theory, and the book Da Vinci-code has been made it well-known. 

(1)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Maanen_2

(2)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

(3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova

https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11080216

Image:

https://cdn.eso.org/images/thumb700x/eso1605a.jpg

The advanced measurement methods are causing grey hair to the scientists

The advanced measurement methods are causing grey hair to the scientists

In the world of science is forgotten one of the most interesting things, what we face always in real life. That thing is artificial intelligence, which can be used for handling multiple points in the calculations and observations. The thing is that artificial intelligence can handle billions of variables, and that thing causes conflicts with classical formulas in many areas.

Many of the classic formulas of classic mechanics like Kepler's point have been calculated by using two or three points, and modern computer technology can notice billions of points, and it can also mean that the smallest effective forces can be noticed. This thing means that we must confess, that even the farthest objects affect the particles, which are moving in some trajectories. We cannot meter that effect while the stress to the particle takes about two weeks or even months.

But when the effect continues even thousands of years they can cause the effect, what has mean. And when we are thinking about things like spaceflights, we must remember, that there are many other forces than just gravity, what effects to the trajectory. One thing is the solar wind, which will warm the spacecraft. That thing causes that the small particles are flying away from the craft, and the recoil force would turn it away from the course. That thing affects if the craft is flying tens of years.

Every particle affects other particles in the Universe

Also, the RTG generators, what is used in the space probes would cause that the radioactive particles will push the craft to the trajectory, which is not predicted. That thing can cause minimum errors in the trajectory, what can be measured. In the universe, every particle is in interaction with other particles and that thing causes errors in the calculations. Those errors have no mean in normal life.

But they can be measured. And when we are thinking about the minimum errors in the trajectory of particles like comets, that kind of thing can cause the false alarms of the new planets. The thing is that if the frozen nitrogen is in some part of the asteroid, and there would be the pocket of helium, the radiation can cause the jettison, which would turn the movement of the particle.

The thing is that the old-time scientists were not wrong. That means that the advanced measurement methods have caused the calculations to have turned sharper. The modern supercomputers can also use float decimal numbers, which contains even millions of numbers. That causes the systems to have more accuracy than any scientists in the world.

No human can handle numbers where are thousands of decimals. Or they cannot handle the gravity force of thousands of background stars, what is affecting the particles in every solar system. And that thing is causing the revolution in the world of science.  Computers can connect also the extreme weak variables to the calculations, and that makes them the ultimate tool for research and scientific work.

Graviton: the mysterious dark photon

Graviton: the mysterious dark photon

The name of this text should be, gravity and space. Because here I think gravity and its relationship with space. The reason, why the hypothetical particle, the graviton is fascinating is that gravity is an only force, what has the power to effect light, and the suspected mass of graviton is zero, what allows it to travel with the speed of light. So is the graviton so-called dark photon? And are pure gravitons the dark energy? Those are good questions.

Sometimes some philosophers have introduced the model, where the universe is like a rubber layer. Every particle is making small pit on it, and there is an unproven theoretical model, that particles are bringing that layer closer to something, what we can call as "other layer". Then the force that we can call as "gravity" would forward to space, what we are calling as the space-time continuum or simply the universe.

But what would be behind those imaginational rubber layers? Maybe there is the fourth dimension, space, where the gravity has some kind of unknown form. You must realize that this kind of thought is made by philosophers and theoretical researchers. And that's why they are not proven as right or wrong. So they are just theories.

Gravity is the only force in nature, which doesn't need active maintenance. That means that gravity is a so-called passive force, what pulls particles in the central point of the mass, and that's why gravity always wins, and the particles would be pulled in the central of gravity. And that is a thing, what makes gravity so interesting. So some people are making plans that the gravity would offer us the very effective and pure energy source if we someday will find the way, how we could benefit that thing.

Or actually, we could benefit gravity in the hydropower plants, but that thing doesn't mean that we would have the possibility to benefit gravity itself as the energy source. The thing is that there have been ideas to benefit gravity energy by drilling the hole through the moon, and then put the weight dropping in that hole, and the opposite movement can rotate the generator. In this little bit clumsy solution the mass is connected to the wire and then the system would create energy.

But that thing would not probably mean pure energy. The pure energy or creating gravity energy probably doesn't mean that kind of thing. So why the scientists are so interested in gravity. Because gravity cannot fit any other things in nature, the scientists or at least theoretical scientists are creating an idea that gravity is something bigger and more fascinating than we have even thought. They believe that gravity is a gate to the fifth base force in the universe. That fifth force would be the gate to pure energy.

So what means pure energy? In normal natural forces, the energy is transported from one place to another by the transferring particle. And in some very wild theories, the fifth force would not need the transferring particle for traveling from one place to another. But this kind of pure energy is only theory, and we are seeing only the shadow of the fifth force.

Could the energy travel from one place to another without a transporter particle? That is a very interesting question because that means that the fifth force would travel only in the form of wave movements, and it does mean that the force would be very interesting. That means that the top force would not act as a light in the universe. Other base forces are acting like light, which has particular and waveform.

But the missing particle that could be called "gravitons" could tell that gravity is not a similar force than others. That means that gravitation would have the only the waveform or the particles somehow resonate with other particles, or they are forwarding some other force.

So is the model that the particles are like lay around on the layer, what we can call as the time-space continuum, and those particles would take the layer closer to another layer, where some force is transmitted to every single particle in the universe. That thing would seem like the phenomenon, known as "gravity". But what that force could be, that is a really interesting question. Would we sometime benefit that strange thing? That is what we can probably solve in the future, but maybe we ever find the answer.