James Webb telescope gives new data about exoplanet WASP-39b.

WASP-39b is hot Saturn. Its mass is 0,94 times Saturn and 0,28 times Jupiter. The size of that exoplanet is 1,5 times Jupiter. 

And the reason for that is WASP-39b orbits so close to its sun. The distance to the WASP-39 system is 700 light years. 

The WASP-39 is a G-spectral class star. And that means star WASP-39 is quite similar to the Sun. 

The size of that star is slightly smaller than our Sun. And that makes the WASP-39b so interesting. There are known many gas giants that are orbiting M-type red dwarfs in close distance. 

But quite a small (read low-mass) gas planet that orbits quite a hot star very close is interesting. M-type red dwarfs have solar systems, where all planets are orbiting inside the distance of planet Mercury from their sun. But the WASP 39 is much hotter than some Gliese 581. 

The trajectory of WASP-39b is closer than the trajectory of Mercury. And the intensive heat causes the gas giant to bulge to an extremely large size. The question is why this planet didn't burn in the heat of its star. The solar wind and heat from the central star should blow the atmosphere of the planet and the planet itself away. 

"The atmospheric composition of the hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-39 b has been revealed by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. This graphic shows four transmission spectra from three of Webb’s instruments operated in four instrument modes. A transmission spectrum is made by comparing starlight filtered through a planet’s atmosphere as it moves in front of the star, to the unfiltered starlight detected when the planet is beside the star. Each of the data points (white circles) on these graphs represents the amount of a specific wavelength of light that is blocked by the planet and absorbed by its atmosphere".

"At upper left, data from NIRISS shows fingerprints of potassium (K), water (H2O), and carbon monoxide (CO). At upper right, data from NIRCam shows a prominent water signature. At lower left, data from NIRSpec indicates water, sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). At lower right, additional NIRSpec data reveals all of these molecules as well as sodium (Na). Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)" (ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

The James Webb telescope analyzed the atmosphere of WASP-39b when it traveled over its star. ScitechDily.com describes the atmosphere of the WASP-39b like this: 

"The suite of discoveries is detailed in a set of five new scientific papers, three of which are in press and two of which are under review. Among the unprecedented revelations is the first detection in an exoplanet atmosphere of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a molecule produced from chemical reactions triggered by high-energy light from the planet’s parent star. On Earth, the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is created similarly".

(ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

"Other atmospheric constituents detected by the Webb telescope include sodium (Na), potassium (K), and water vapor (H2O), confirming previous space- and ground-based telescope observations as well as finding additional fingerprints of water, at these longer wavelengths, that haven’t been seen before".

(ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

"Webb also saw carbon dioxide (CO2) at higher resolution, providing twice as much data as reported from its previous observations. Meanwhile, carbon monoxide (CO) was detected, but obvious signatures of both methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were absent from the Webb data. If present, these molecules occur at very low levels". 

(ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

If carbon monoxide would found in some rocky planet's atmosphere, that would be a sign of life. But the WASP-39b is mainly a gas planet. So there is some kind of photochemical reactions that are forming those molecules. 

The thing that makes those molecules interesting is that. The radiation of the WASP-39 should destroy those molecules. The radiation from that star is very powerful. And that means water and methane are surprising chemical compounds. 

The temperature in the atmosphere of that planet is about 900 C. And that means the water should turn oxygen and hydrogen at that temperature which continues until the star vaporizes its planets. And that happens when WASP-39 turns into a red giant. 

Another interesting thing is why WASP-39b is so close to its star. Maybe it is formed somewhere else, and then some cosmic catastrophe pushed it close to the G-type yellow star. 

The fact is that the mass of WASP-39b is very low for forming in its present position. The solar wind from WASP-39 should destroy that protoplanet. And that makes the WASP-39 so interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/as-never-seen-before-nasas-webb-reveals-an-exoplanet-unlike-any-in-our-solar-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-39b

https://astronomyandtechnology.blogspot.com/

Where water disappear from the planet Mars?

Where water disappear from the planet Mars?

Same time we must ask, where the atmosphere of planet Mars is gone? The answer is simple when the planet Mars lost its atmosphere the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun just cut the connections of the water molecules, and that caused that the water was gone. There is water on the planet, in underground storage, and maybe stored in crystals, but are there any lifeforms, and how advanced those lifeforms are been if they ever been existed. 

There are forms on the planet, what looks like cyanobacteria (1), but the question is are they real bacteria, and are those bacteria from the planet Mars and that means that they would be endemic species. Or they can be coming from some asteroids like Ceres or Earth, where the meteorite could fly away from the Earth gravity if some bigger particle would hit to the South- or North pole or the ocean. 

That thing can cause that the bite of ice would travel to planet Mars, and then the bacteria could be from Earth, but the thing, that would need to confirm that kind of thing is the DNA sample. But the problem is that the DNA of those fossils might be destroyed because of the UV-radiation, what comes from the Sun. 

Did somebody make secretive Mars-flight?

But if the bacteria fossils are found only in the small area, that tells that the bacteria is coming from some other planet. And maybe that planet is Earth, but what is the reason, why the bacteria is in one certain place? Is the reason some kind of meteorite, what has been traveled to the planet Mars from the Earth. Or maybe the reason for those bacteria is something, that we cannot even imagine. 

The bacteria ever travel between planets without some force, which pushes it away from another planet's gravity field. And one explanation is connected with the strange "skulls",(2) what are found on that planet. The thing is that could it be possible that somebody attempted to make a manned flight to Mars, and then the mission was failed? 

Maybe the thing, that was destroyed was some kind of test capsule, what might carry chimpanzees or some other test animals, and then the thing would face some kind of technical problems. There is a possibility, that the carbon dioxide pocket under the Martian landscape has erupted because the exhaust gas would release the gas from the pocket. 

Was the nation, what made that mission the Soviet Union? The thing is that the nation lost the race to Moon, and then it made serious plans for Mars flight, but then the explosion of the N-1 rocket(3), what mission was to send the nuclear engine to the orbiter, that the manned module could dock with the reactor, and send to Mars by using NERVA(4)-type solution caused that the program was ended. 

But were the Soviets send the rest vehicle to Mars is a mystery. There are lots of documents about tests, which are made by N-1 and other devices, but there is no single document published about this kind of launch to Mars, where the capsule would attempt to return to Earth. So this kind of thing is pure speculations. And the origin of those strange forms remains a mystery until they would be analyzed in the very sophisticated laboratories.

(1)

https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/cosmic-horizons-book/fossil-microbes-mars

(2)

https://www.cnet.com/news/skull-seen-on-mars-will-make-your-imagination-run-wild/

(3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_(rocket)

(4)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NERVA

Could there be lifeforms in the oceans of the water-covered planet?

Could there be lifeforms in the oceans of the water-covered planet?

This is hypothetical writing about the creatures, what might live in some water-covered planets. When we are thinking about those very interesting planets, what oceans might be even 1000 kilometers deep, we are normally thinking about the possibility that there could be some kind of algae and other kinds of organisms might live on the surface and near-surface of that ocean. But there is one very interesting thing in that kind of planet. The liquid surface planet acts always a similar way, and that means that there could be similar structures in that planet's atmosphere and ocean, which can be found from Saturn and Jupiter.

That means that the wind would cause an effect, which causes that water would travel around the planet with different speeds, which might cause friction in the ocean. That means the temperature in the ocean might be very high, and because there would be only the deep water layer on that planet, this means that hurricanes could stand hundreds or even thousands of years. This means that there is minimum friction between the gas layer and the ocean.

The thing is that this kind of planets might maintain a very strong hurricane. But the problem in this kind of case is that there must be oxygen in the ocean, or the lifeforms must separate it from the water. In theory, the mitochondria or some kind of electric cells of those hypothetical organisms could separate the oxygen straight from the water molecules. But the thing that the electrolysis process needs very strong electricity being effective. And here we are coming one of the most interesting things in the case, where scientists are creating models, what kind of lifeforms could live on other planets.

That thing is that those creatures would perfectly be oriented in the conditions, where those creatures live. I have sometimes wondered, why some fish on Earth cannot create oxygen straight from the water molecules? For that kind of process, the fish needs only the similar electric cells, what the electric eels have, and that thing could cause that the creature can live in the conditions, where there is no free oxygen either atmosphere and seas. But as you might see, many things are influencing the advancing life.

Even those creatures would have this kind of interesting organs, that would not mean that those hypothetical organisms would have the same level of intelligence with Schmpff. As you see the planet, what is covered by the extremely deep sea might offer a good place for some lifeforms, which might be like Schrimpf. Even that planet orbits the flare star, the water can cover those aliens from the heat, but in this case, I don’t believe that the intelligent lifeforms can exist in those water worlds, but there is a possibility, that the primitive life forms could be found on those deep seas.

And maybe those lifeforms could be like in the Cambrian period. In that case, the advantage of life has been stopped on those Waterworld to the level, what it was in the Cambrian and Ordovician period. There might be the cycle of those lifeforms, then when there would be too much oxygen in the ocean, those organisms would turn to use oxygen from water, and when the level of oxygen decreases they would turn to use internal oxygen production. So their metabolism turns to aerobic when there is enough oxygen in water, and the opposite way, when the level of oxygen is decreased. Very deep oceans, where there are no islands causes the air bubbles would not go in the water, and otherwise if there is no oxygen at all in the atmosphere, those hypothetical organisms must create the oxygens straight from water molecules.

Mars hates probes

Mars hates probes

The carbon dioxide pocket can do that thing, but there are many things, what we must solve before we can even think to travel to that planet by using manned spacecraft. One of the worst nightmares, that the spacecraft can meet is the carbon dioxide pocket, which would erupt if the temperature is near the boiling of the carbon dioxide. And in that case, the hole, what is left behind could be very big, and the craft can fall. 

There is a possibility that the caked sand has been stored carbon dioxide in its structure, and when the mechanic stress would impact that sand, it would cause the situation, that the gas would erupt, and the pressure would push the probe away. But there is maybe one thing, what might cause this effect. 

The place, where the InSight lander is located in the Martian Elysium Planitia, and that area locates in the ancient volcanic area, and maybe there is some kind of volcanic heat remain in that area. And if that place were the last places on the red planet where was volcanic activity, would cause that the structure of sand would be different than other places on that planet. 

If we would find the living organisms on the red planet, we must realize that those organisms can be in passive form. They could turn to hibernation when Mars started to cold. Or all of those organisms died, when the red planet lost its entire lithosphere, in the cosmic collision. That means that the famous "fossils of bacteria" would be bacteria, what were remain in some deepest holes in the ancient sea. 

And when the red planet lost its lithosphere, those bacteria destroyed. Or maybe primitive lifeforms could be formed in a short period after the catastrophe. That means that there could be some kind of lifeforms, what is living in the crystals of the sand, and use the water, which is stored in crystals. 

Sometimes those fossils are claimed only the error. The thing is that the structure of those strange things is looking like cyanobacteria, which are one of the most primitive organisms on Earth. And there is claiming that those fossils on the surface of Antarctean meteorite have come from the ice because the heat of meteorite would call those bacteria to its surface. 

And there is also theory, what explains the observations of the bacteria-like fossils, what have seen on the red planet. If those fossils are real, they could come from Earth, because of the giant meteorites that hit to planet Earth before the age of dinosaurs would throw the small bites of ice to Mars, but this is only theory. 

https://www.space.com/mars-insight-mole-heat-probe-pops-out-of-hole.html

A new planet has been found 31 light-years away

 

Image: David A. Hardy

A new planet has been found 31 light-years away

NASA informs that it has found planet from 30 light-years away, what is in the right distance from the star. And that kind of exoplanets is fascinating in many ways. In the next writing, I will think, what would we do, if we will someday colonize that kind of planet.

If we would want someday colonize that kind of planets we might have a vision in our eyes, that we would land on that planet and walk around it by arming some kind of rifles. But if we would land on that planet or fly to that solar system, there are two versions of the possibility, what we might find in that strange world.

1. If the planet is similar to Eart

This case is given visions to many romantic space movies, but in real life, if we would land to that planet, we might face many dangers, what we ever expected. The surface of the planet could be full of life forms like bacteria, which might use our tissues as the nutrient. And this thing makes the planets, what has similar conditions more dangerous to us than the planet, which has only the hostile atmosphere or some kind of radiation.

Chemical dangers like chlorine are easier to control than some organism, what might be different, what we see on the Earth. And if we would think cases, that we would travel on the surface of this habitable planet, we cannot step even on the grass, because it might be the tentacle for hunting prey, because that thing might not be the grass. In that strange world would live life forms, like medusas, what can live on dry land, and that makes this planet very dangerous.

There have been plans, that the planet, what is full of dangerous species, what are the level of bacteria would transform similar to Earth by melting its entire lithosphere. That would happen by using kinetic energy rocket.

Or sometimes the planet would be targeted to an asteroid, where is connected the ion motors, which will impact the lithosphere with very high speed, and it would melt it immediately. That thing would sterilize the planet very effectively, and then the bacteria and other things would deliver on that planet, but there are many moral and ethic questions about that thing.

2. Planet what has no life forms

In this case, the planet would be safer than the planet, what has life forms. The gas can keep out the spacecraft, and the thing is that this kind of worlds can make similar to Earth by using bacteria and cells to transform the atmosphere. And if there would be no water, it can be brought from the space, or sharper to say the stars own Oort cloud, where could be found many icy asteroids.

But if there is another possibility to make water, and that can be done by simply burning the hydrogen, where the exhaust would be water. And the hydrogen is the most common particle in the universe. Oxygen can isolate from the chemical combinations like carbon dioxide. And sometimes has been introduced that planet Venus can transform like Earth by simply filtering the atmosphere by using active carbon filters, and the gas would be pulled through the filters, what are used in the submarines.

But that equipment, what is used in this plan would be bigger. The system would be the tube or smoke pipe, which will suck the gas through the carbon filter, which is similar, which is used in the gas masks. This can separate the carbon from oxygen, and it would transform the atmosphere of Venus, and what works in Venus would work also on another planet. But it takes a long time.

https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-tess-telescope-habitable-world-31-light-years-away-2019-7?fbclid=IwAR0ZTZzDmLzo98XpgBlr5mWfgwhKcUYd6WUN5-3wgWklcPPsc-YSxJtIl0E&r=US&IR=T

The Terminus and the Gaia of intelligence.

The Terminus and the Gaia of intelligence. 

In one of the most incredible science fiction books or book series in the key role is two fictional planets Trantor and Terminus. In the fictional planet Terminus of Isaac Asimov's book "The Foundation" is the key element in one of the most fantastic theories of the intelligence. That planet would be the place, where the temperature would be only a couple of Kelvin degrees. In those temperatures, every material would turn to superconductors.

And this has been given a very fascinating idea, that if we would take animals like bugs to that kind of place, the neurons of those animals would start to communicate with together. That thing would turn the entire planet to the giant and very effective supercomputer. The thing is that this kind of very intelligent supercomputer can communicate with the characters, who are living on another planet, simply by using radio telescopes.

Could the superconducting conditions make person ability to communicate with us forever? In this case, the live means consequence and the ability to think. And if we would be more melodramatic, that person, who is in the superconducting tank would operate on Earth by using EEG-controlled robots. Everything depends that could the brains or neurons operate in the superconducting conditions. 

The thing that the cell would not have any chemical operations in the extremely low temperature would store it forever. But the electricity would travel in the neurons even forever if the temperature remains low enough, that the core layer would turn to superconducting, and in the temperature near the zero Kelvin degrees is no resistance in the wires. So the only thing, what brains need to operate is electricity, if there is no need to use chemicals for feeding the mitochondria. And this brings interesting thoughts in the mind of the researchers, who are working in the field of artificial intelligence.

This thing has brought in my mind that the capital of the fictional empire, planet Trantor what is covered by using steel plates could be actually the giant university. If the supercomputer of the planet Terminus will send the radio impulses to Trantor, that will create the magnetic field inside that layer. That field can reprogram the people, who are on that planet.

Nibiru or Nemesis is the planet, which orbits the brown dwarf. The temperature in that planet would be extremely low, and because I have written about Asimov's book series"The Foundation" I will handle another fictional world what is created by the same author. The planet would be extremely cold, and that thing has been covered with the one very intelligent and powerful species.

When I read that book, the thing what I thought was that this thing might be the reason, why we should sterilize our probes, before we will send them to another planet. The thing is that in the extremely low temperature the bugs would become superconducting.

This thing has brought one thing in my mind. When we are thinking about superconducting, we must ask, is it possible, that putting some other species in the superconducting condition,  it would become intelligent? The superconducting means that electricity travels in the wires without resistance. So, if we would decrease the temperature of the neuron, that thing would make it very fast. And could it be possible to communicate with people or animal, what is in the freezer, where is extremely low temperature?

The mystery of planet Mars

The mystery of planet Mars

Picture I

The strange objects on the Mars-planet

Have you noticed, that there is a Chrysler mark in the Cydonia heights, what locates at the planet Mars? The thing in the Cydonia is that there is a strange formation, which is known as the "City of Mars".  There are people, who say, that there is actually the city on that planet, what is made by the ancient civilization what could be dead or vanish when the red planet has lost its atmosphere.

Some other people think that this very interesting formation is actually formed by the volcanic action and that would be an explanation for those forms, but then the questions are, that what causes the strange shape of those forms? If the thing is the magnetic field, we must say, that the way, how it acts is very strange, and there are some theories, that those forms like "city" and "face" would have a connection to the phenomenon, what is called as the "ice geysers".

The mystery of ice geysers at the Triton moon

Those geysers are actually forming when the carbon dioxide is melting at the icy moons like Triton, and the thing, what makes those things very interesting, is that the melting point of the carbon dioxide is something like -78 degrees Celsius, and the boiling point of that gas is -57 degrees Celsius, which means that something would cause the situation, that the carbon dioxide is boiling in the Triton moon. The thing, what makes this phenomenon very strange is that the surface temperature of the Triton moon is -235 degrees Celsius, and those icy geysers need very much energy for boiling, and the similar phenomenon is seen at the planet Mars.

Below the surface of that planet is carbon dioxide pockets, what can boil suddenly, and those craters, what is left behind those eruptions can cause danger for space probes. The thing in those points is that when the eruption of the carbon dioxide starts the ground is collapsing, and if the probe is on this place, it can be destroyed.

When we are looking at the Martian magnet field, that thing is a very strange thing, because the magnetic field is a very local thing on that strange planet. The magnetic field is necessary for the atmosphere because it would turn the ions, what is coming from the sun away from the planet, and if the magnetic field does not exist, the ionized particles, what are coming from the sun would push the atmosphere to space.

Maybe the images of the Viking probe has caused because some satellite used accidentally the wrong radio channel for transmitting the image. 

Sometimes is portrayed the theories, that the martian sandstorms are causing the electromagnetic vortex, what will make things like "face" on the surface of that planet. And sometimes there has been claiming, that the sandstorms would cause the wormholes on Mars planet, and this vortex would make the face to that planet. Or maybe it's only the game of the shadows.

And before the end of this text, I must tell one thing about those strange forms, like the face and city and other things. That is the theory, where the images, what the Viking spacecraft have been sending to the Earth was changed to the normal satellite images because some satellite might use the frequency, what was reserved to the Viking probe, and accidentally send the wrong image in the place of the image, what should be from the Mars.

Of course, there are tales that the Martians who came from another planet would make that thing for some kind of emergency signal. And that thing has caused the theories that UFOs would be made by some ancient civilization, what has been left from Earth. But there is no evidence about that kind of things.

Picture I

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04745

The Titan moon, and its atmosphere

The Titan moon, and its atmosphere

https://kimmoswritings.blogspot.com/

Copyright: Hardy

The Titan moon, and its atmosphere

On the top of this text is the David Hardy's painting of the surface of Titan, and the second image is taken by the Huygens lander from the surface of the Titan moon. The Saturnian giant moon, Titan is the only known particle in our solar system, there are lakes, what is formed by hydrocarbons. The temperature in that moon is very low, 170 degrees Celsius, and that makes possible that this moon, what is a little bit smaller than  Ganymede has the liquid hydrocarbon in the surface.

The gravity field of this moon is weaker than Earth, and the person, who would wight 150 kilograms on Earth would weigh only 10 kilograms on Titan, and that would be very interesting because that thing means that the gravity field is really weak. Titan is actually very famous because if it clouds, and hydrocarbon oceans, what was predicted in the 1970s. The thing what makes Titan very interesting is its atmosphere.

There is a problem with the gas pressure, what is 1,42 ATM

The pressure on the surface of Titan is a problem for the scientists. The hydrocarbon atmosphere causes the pressure on the Titan is very huge, and that is actually 1,42 times higher than on planet Earth. And that means there is something special in this moon. In fact, the atmosphere of that moon should be sucked away by the gravity of the planet Saturn.  The reason is that the weak gravity field should not make this pressure possible. The thing is that Titan should lose its atmosphere to space, and there are more things, what makes this particular moon so interesting.

There are hydrocarbon oceans, as we know, but in 1970s space art, some artists have predicted the form of the surface of that moon very sharply. And there are some interesting questions about that thing. How did that prediction happen? The Titan hydrocarbon water system was found by Cassini in the same year when it sends the Huygens lander to the surface of that mysterious moon.