Ukraine and Russia used UR-77 mine-clearing vehicles in the Ukrainian conflict.

UR-77 "Meoteorit" uses mine-clearing rockets for clearing mines. The UR-77 carries two mine-clearing charges. The purpose of UR-77 is to clear mines and open the road for the fast-moving tank and infantry formations. 

Those charges send a pressure wave that detonates buried mines which makes them very effective in offensive mine-clearing operations. Those mine-clearing shells can also use against enemy positions. 

And in the Ukrainian war, both sides of the conflict used those weapons. One remarkable thing is that Russians use UR-77 in city areas. And that thing means that the mine-clearing charges can use also be against enemy troops. 

The UR-77 and similar vehicles can have two purposes. One purpose is to clear minefields. And another is to give deadly pressure strikes against enemy troops just before their assault troops are in their position. So the same weapon can have many purposes. 

The mine-clearing charge creates a very powerful pressure wave. And for that purpose, the system can use RDX or HMX explosives or thermobaric explosives. Thermobaric- or vacuum bombs are not unique things. 

The U.S and Russian stockpiles contain thermobaric explosives. That is at least in U.S-side meant for mine clearing operations. The BLU-96 FAE 2-type weapons are effective against minefields. But they can use it as well against enemy troops. The FAE and other air-pressure effect weapons are listed as non-humanity weapons. 

But those weapons are effective at least in calm weather where the wind doesn't break the aerosol cloud. The effective area in all pressure-effect weapons is sharp. And that means there is a great temptation to use those weapons also against confirmed and suspected enemy troops. In the last case is a big risk that civilians will injure. 

That means there is a possibility that some people that are found in mass graves in Ukraine are dead because of the use of this kind of weapon. There is a possibility the mine-clearing grenades used against suspected Ukrainian positions are responsible for some of those casualties. The use of pressure ammunition causes death or bad injuries. And there are no bullets or burning injuries on the body. 

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/blu-95.htm

https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/ukraina-raivaa-hersonin-miinapeltoja-meteorilla-jonka-salaisuus-piilee-paineaallossa-venajalla-vastaavalle-koneelle-painvastainen-tarkoitus/8560860#gs.hhpcdb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine-clearing_line_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-77_Meteorit

http://curiosityanddarkmatter.home.blog/2022/11/02/ukraine-and-russia-used-ur-77-mine-clearing-vehicles-in-the-ukrainian-conflict/

How to locate the underground structure?

How to locate the underground structure?

The best way to locate the hidden bunker from underground is to use the seismic sensors or SONAR-based system. In those cases on the ground would be dropped the sensors and on the area around those sensors is dropped the bombs, what would send the seismic waves through the ground. The differences between the waves, what were traveled in the normal ground and the seismic waves, what was traveling through the bunker can be detected by using those sensors.

Another way is to use the small size quadcopters, which are equipped with SONAR system, and when the system would send the sound to the ground, it can locate the command bunker. Another way is to use explosives to sending those SONAR waves. In this case in the middle of the quadcopters would drop the explosives, and they can detect the target.

Sometimes the SONARS are adjusting to the frequency, what makes resonance to the concrete, and this is hoped to weaken the concrete structure of the bunkers. That will give more effect to the bunker buster bombs, what will send the seismic impulse to the underground bunker.

There is also radar-based systems but the problem is the resolution. Radar systems can detect the corridors because they are causing changes to the shape of the ground. Those systems are originally developed for oil industry searching the black gold''


What is the bunker buster bomb? (This is writing about non-nuclear bunker buster bombs)

When we are talking about bunker buster bombs, the systems would normally use high-power explosives like RDX or HMX, and those explosives are more effective in the bunker buster bombs than FAE (Thermobaric) warheads. The thing is that the principle of the bunker buster bomb is that the bomb will explode underground.

That means that the structure of the bomb must stand the impact. FAE bombs are effective against large area targets and the corridor, where the blast effect can travel without resistance.  But if there is not straight corridor at the front of the bunker, the air burst will be ineffective against the bunkers, what are behind the weaving corridor.

But if the bunker is behind the long corridors the bunker buster weapon must penetrate in the ground for giving the shockwave, what will detonate the bunker. Sometimes there is a small layer of concrete in those bombs for causing the resonance effect, what is hoped to break the concrete more effectively.

The structure of the FAE bomb would not stand the impact, and that is the reason, why those bombs are normally equipped with RDX or other solid explosive, or there will shoot multiple missiles in the same point, where those missiles would dig the hole to the command bunker.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBU-43/B_MOAB