The speed limit for quantum computers

   

 The speed limit for quantum computers

An artistic illustration of a matter-wave rolling down a steep potential hill. Credit: Enrique Sahagún – Scixel (ScitechDaily/Quantum Marbles in a Bowl of Light – The Speed Limit for Quantum Computations)

The minimum time that the quantum gate needs to react is the time that is the absolute limit for quantum computers. The quantum gate is the gate that cuts the data line, and the speed of that gate is the thing that determines the maximum speed of quantum computers. 

The fact is that all people who worked with quantum technology know that there are speed limits even for quantum computers. The speed of light is not the problem because long-distance superposition and entanglement between particles can surround the cosmic speed limit. But if we want that the superpositioned and entangled particles would bring visible or meaningful benefit for quantum systems. 

The distance between the systems must be enormous. The thing is that superpositioned and entangled particles are acting as quantum sticks. When another side of quantum entanglement is moving also other side is moving. But that thing doesn't remove the need for a quantum gate. 

So it separates the data packages and sends them to the right addresses. But the thing is that the quantum gate (quantum logic gate)  is more complicated than the gate (logic gate). 

The speed of that gate is enormous. But always when there is something that has mass. The speed has limits. One of the solutions for increasing the speed of that gate could benefit things like some atoms. The system can pump energy to the atom. And that thing can cause that the size of an atom can change. 

That thing can cut the photonic interaction. The other version is to use hydrogen atoms, and then the electromagnetic stress will cause changes to the trajectories of electrons. That thing can let the energy travel through protons and electrons. 

The error correlation is the problem with quantum computers. The error correction is the thing that is necessary for making a practical quantum system. The answer is to use two quantum systems that are getting the same data. The splitting photons can make sure. The data that is sent to two quantum systems is identical. 

And if there is some kind of difference between the answers. There is some kind of anomaly in the system. If the answers are also identical. The answer should be correct. And when the number of data handling lines increases. The possibility to find errors is also increasing. That increases the trust and accuracy of the quantum systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/important-milestone-reached-in-quantum-computing-with-error-correction/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-marbles-in-a-bowl-of-light-the-speed-limit-for-quantum-computations/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-marbles-in-a-bowl-of-light-the-speed-limit-for-quantum-computations/

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

   

 The brain cells in a dish are learning faster than AI. 

The brain cells in a dish are learning faster than AI. But when we are thinking. That those brain cells at dish should learn only one thing. Those brain cells could learn a single thing faster than regular human brains because they need only one connection between them. So if we would minimize the data mass that is loaded to the neurons. We can make them react very fast. And also, they can learn that data faster than human brains.

In the cases, when data mass that loaded to the brain is minimal. There is a smaller number of connections between those neurons. So when neurons are handling data they must not search connections. 

The reason why brain cells in a dish are learning faster than brain cells in human brains. Is that the brain cells in the dish can use their entire time. for solving some problems. The brain cells in the human brain must sometimes concentrate on some other things. So there are cuts in the data handling process of human brains. And also there are lots more information that the human brain must handle than certain problems.

There is a reason why human brain cells in a dish are learning faster than human brains. The reason for that fast-learning process is that those brain cells in the dish must handle more limited information than normal brains. If the only thing what those brain cells must learn is some game like chess or video game those brain cells would learn the thing very well and fast. In the real world, what means places outside laboratories neurons must handle larger data masses than in laboratories. 

When people are walking on the streets, their brains must handle many types of signals. If those neurons would be in the dishes. The only thing that they must do is to learn some computer games. That thing is called sensorial adaptation or selective sensorial adaptation. The idea is that the neurons must be in the chamber where they are learning only one thing. 

And if that thing is the only stimulus that those neurons get. That thing will make them learn that only thing very well. Sometimes introduced a theory that "Kaspar Hauser" (1812-1833) the "boy who has grown in the barrel" or at least in total isolation was the victim of "selective adaptation" experiment. In that case, the only stimulus that this poor man got would be the military tactics. 

But the brain in the jar has brought one thing to my mind. Even those mini-brains would be small-size they are learning things. The memories of the person can transfer to those cells. And if there are enough brain cell cultures. That thing makes it possible to store memories in those cells. And then transmit them to another person. 

The thing is that the memories can transfer to the cell cultures. Makes it possible to talk with animals. If those memories can project to the screens of the computer that thing can give data. About how animals are living? The memories of the animals would download to the cell cultures and then those memories could transport to the screens of computers. Or of course, some extreme scientists would transfer the EEG of those brain cells to their brains. 

There is the possibility to transfer "trained neurons" to the nerve channel of the fetus. And that thing is opening new and very fascinating and same way frightening visions in my mind. That thing would make it possible to create the learning process that continues over generations. So that thing could be the real "deep learning". That means people like highly trained military officials would multiply. 

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2301500-human-brain-cells-in-a-dish-learn-to-play-pong-faster-than-an-ai/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar_Hauser

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Who has the best AI wins the games.

 Who has the best AI wins the games. 

The term artificial intelligence or AI means computer or computer program. That can select the route for solving the problem. Artificial intelligence might have two or three routes that it can use in certain situations. In the simplest model, the AI has a mission to put the rain cover over some machines if there is a rainy day. 

So the AI can simply ask the operator is there raining? If there is rain the AI can put the cover over machines. And if there is no rain that system can leave the machines without protection. In a little bit more complicated model the AI can select from two rain cover. The other uses a warming system- And another does not use them. 

The AI can have a model that if the temperature is below zero. It selects the warmed cover. And if it's over zero.  The AI selects a cover without a heater. That process can be automatized by connecting the computer with the thermometer. The data about the temperature can be taken automatically from the thermometer. This is a simplified version of the AI. 

The AI is always the best in cases where the system operates in limited areas. And process only certain types of data. That kind of system uses precise logic. And solutions are programmed inside the system accurately by programmers. But then we can think of the situation that the AI must solve problems in a large or changing environment. 

The protection against old-fashion computer viruses is quite easy. 

The first computer programs were BAT:s the command lines that drove certain computer programs automatically. The normal virus was the BAT that activated some computer program like "format". In those cases, the name of the "format" was simply changed. The solution against that kind of viruses was simple. The "format" program must always warn what it is going to do. And then the modern computers must protect to deny the use of the old "format" programs. 

The AI can search malicious code from the computers. This is the thing where AI is the best. The AI searches things like commands that purpose is to delete files from the system or open routes to the firewall. Normally destructive viruses simply tried to delete command files. 

Or they have just automatized the use of some disk management programs. That is used as an example to erase the partition of the disks. The defense against that type of viruses can simply make. by denying echo the del-command and also the automatization of fdisk.com can be denied. That thing was enough against the old-time viruses. But the modern programming tools are making it possible to create more complicated code than ever before. 

The race between advanced virus defense against advanced computer viruses. 

That kind of AI can operate as a firewall or antivirus program. The AI should find the virus code from the trillions of bits of data. The form of computer viruses is always changing. And the AI should know what type of code it should be looking for. The modern viruses code of malicious software is hidden in the regular program code. 

The thing that makes things like films very popular platforms for delivering viruses is simple. The malicious code is between the images of the film. And there is somewhere the computer program that collects the malicious code together. 

The modern virus scanner must find the virus code. That is is slipping in the system in many forms. The virus code might be between the TCP-IP packages. But the problem is that the virus code is not between every package. And in the most modern viruses, the virus code can use uncertain geometry. That means the number of TCP/IP packages between virus codes is chancing. 

Modern data viruses are slipped into the target system by using multiple files as the carrier. The system bases the idea that there is a collector. The computer program is not malicious itself. The purpose of that part of the code is to collect the data of the viruses together. The thing is the advanced virus scanners and firewalls should detect malicious code. And if the code can pass those barriers. 

That means the hackers have very advanced tools for making the program code. But making that kind of software requires also other things than just good tools. That thing requires time and skills but also a test environment where hackers tested those viruses. That their code can pass the virus scanners and firewalls. Also, hackers must use customized programming tools that don't cause alarms. When they are making their code. Network-based applications are the tools that make alarm if somebody tries to create the malicious code. 

Machine learning is creating novel materials and complex molecular structures.

Machine learning is creating novel materials and complex molecular structures. 

Machine learning is the thing that revolutionizes everything. The idea of developing materials like molecules is always similar to putting lego bricks into a certain form. At first, the system puts two bricks together. And then the machine will start to expand the structure. The system can use a similar methodology to put the atoms and molecules together. 

The system follows temperature. And other things like oxygen level, pressure and pH, and radiation level in the reaction chamber. Those things are necessary when new molecules are created for nanotechnology. And also the production of artificial enzymes needs a similar technology with nanomachines. 

Artificial intelligence can use scanning tunneling microscopes, electron microscopes, and optical laser- and regular microscopes for observing how the molecules and atoms are making connections. When some connection seems successful. The system can continue by using the same parameters. 

When the system tests which parameters are best. It tests the different pH, radiation and pressure, etc. values. Then it tests which values are offering the longest possible stability for the molecules. Or otherwise, the system can observe which physical and chemical values are nearest to the most wanted results. That means all molecules are not meant to be stable. 

Some molecules are meant to cut in certain conditions. Those molecules can be cytostatics that are neutral in the normal chemical environment of the body. When some kind of activator for example. The enzyme, sound, or laser ray hits those molecules that thing cuts those macro-molecules to medicine or cytostatics. If the molecule travels in the body in the form of a macro-molecule. That thing decreases the secondary effects of extremely poisonous cytostatics. 

 And that kind of molecule is useful in medical work. Those molecules are connected to the nutrient. Then nutrient is transported to cells that are needed for those medicals. After that, the enzymes of those cells open the chemical bonds. Or in some other cases, some kind of acoustic or electromagnetic radiation system will break those molecules. And that activates their medical abilities. 

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-machine-synthesis-complex-materials.html

Image: https://phys.org/news/2021-12-machine-synthesis-complex-materials.html

Electrostatic levitation can use on hovering moon and asteroid probes.

   

 Electrostatic levitation can use on hovering moon and asteroid probes. 

Image 1:

"MIT aerospace engineers are testing a concept for a hovering rover that levitates by harnessing the moon’s natural charge. This illustration shows a concept image of the rover. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers." (ScitechDaily/Electrostatic Levitation: MIT Engineers Test an Idea for a New Hovering Moon Rover)

MIT engineers are testing magnetic hovering probes that can operate at a minimum gravitational field and hover above the surface. There is the possibility that a similar system can use also on Earth. But that system requires far more power for levitating. 

And in this time magnetic levitation is possible only above the objects with the minimum gravitational field. But theoretically, this kind of system could operate also above the Earth's surface. The magnetic levitation could be useful as an example at an asteroid belt because that system saves fuel. 

The new levitating moon rover can operate in a low-gravitational environment where is a low gravitation field. The system is possible to create by benefiting the natural electric field of the asteroid and moon. 

Another way is simply to transmit electricity to the object and then that synthetic electromagnetic field can rise hovering rover above that area. The low gravitation field of the dwarf planets or asteroids can allow research in those areas by using hovering probes that cannot fall in the pits of the dwarf planets.

 

Image 2:

The hovering probes can also operate above the icy moons of Jupiter. In that kind of case, the satellite of a nuclear-powered space probe can send the magnetic ray below the hovering rover. If the magnetic fields have the same polarity that makes objects hover above them. In that case, the rover has the same polarity of the magnetic field that the probe is transmitted below it. 

In some scenarios, the magnetic hover of the probe can use the quantum state of the water for the levitation. The idea is that the water molecules can turn in the same direction in the powerful magnetic field. When the radio wave is sent to that water those water molecules can aim the radio waves to the saucer-shaped craft. 

Or the magnet can pull those water molecules below the craft to the pillar that makes the craft hover at a certain position. There is the possibility that satellites are creating an ion or magnetic field below the craft. Those ions can use also for pushing craft above. The ion engines might get more power. 

If those systems send the ions to the ion field that is pushing them back. Those ions are creating the magnetic cushion below the craft. That system can push craft to levitate. Those ions can also increase the power of the magnetic levitation ("maglev") system. That means the maglev systems can use multiple systems for creating the effect which makes those crafts hover above ground or water silently. 

Sources: 

https://scitechdaily.com/electrostatic-levitation-mit-engineers-test-an-idea-for-a-new-hovering-moon-rover/

Images 1 and 2: https://scitechdaily.com/electrostatic-levitation-mit-engineers-test-an-idea-for-a-new-hovering-moon-rover/

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Critical attitude saves lives. But that doesn't always mean a negative attitude.

 Critical attitude saves lives. But that doesn't always mean a negative attitude.

Image 1: Indian missile ranges

A critical attitude to information is always important. And there should always be suspicion that shared data is not correct. Or selector is used to selecting one-sided sources. But one of the most dangerous misunderstandings is that criticism is always the same as "deny" or "no". That is not true. 

Criticism means that the person who comments on the writings or news reads sources makes conclusions of the information. The thing is that information is not black and white. The texts might include both true and proven but also non-proven things. 

And one thing that we must realize is that if the writer is tired the human error can cause that writer to forget to separate trusted and confirmed data from theories. And that thing sometimes causes misunderstandings.

But things like knowledge of political culture helps to separate the true and false information. The political culture is different in every country. In the political culture of western nations is one principle. Governments share only trusted, researched, and confirmed information. This principle is not always the criteria for how governments are sharing information. 

Image 2 North-Korean missile ranges

Sometimes actors like the North-Korean government shares information by using criteria that only the information that benefits itself is shared. And those governments are also making nice-looking propaganda campaigns where is introduced the bright side of the nations. Sometimes things like international contacts that those governments ratified.  Are only meant to turn the interest of the other governments away. 

One of the greatest misunderstandings is to believe that all governments are following their international treaties. One of the most well-known cases in that governments have not followed the international treaty is the INF treaty. That international treaty is gone. 

Image 3: Pakistani missile ranges

And Russia and the USA are now outside that treaty. China and other new nuclear powers ever ratified that treaty. And as an example, most of the Pakistani and North-Korean weapons are IRBM missiles (Intermediate-Renge Ballistic missiles). 

Those weapons are prohibited in that treaty. But those nations remained outside that treaty so they didn't break it. Also, new weapon research like more advanced artificial intelligence controlled ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) with stealth warheads makes it possible that those weapons can strike at all distances between the launching point and maximum range. 

Then those countries that are promised to avoid the development of things like nuclear weapons are made their nuclear tests and introduced hydrogen bombs and other kinds of stuff for the entire world. 

Then we might think that is the treaties of biological and chemical weapons followed the same way as the treaties of nuclear weapons? Or maybe those governments have followed those contracts that denied the creation of chemical and biological weapons. 

All chemical agents are not nerve gases. 

And maybe, we want to believe that those governments developed only nuclear weapons. Those are looking cool in media. That is the thing that means that maybe we want to believe that boring-looking chemical weapons like VX-nerve gases or some other nerve agents (G-agents) like sarin, tabun of soman destroyed by their owners. There is one misunderstanding in the nerve agents. 

Most of the G-agents (Nerve gases) in the world are less poisonous than the VX.  The VX is the most dangerous chemical in the world. And its deadly dose is about 20 micrograms. The less-poisonous chemical agents like tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, and soman are easier to control than VX. But they are same time deadly as VX. The thing is that even the VX was not in use the nerve agents can still be used. 

Things like botulinum can easily produce and if it's delivered with acids or vaporized that can easily get the same effect with some synthetic nerve gases. The acid or mustard gas will cause skin injuries that open botulinum access to the human body. And then another thing is that all chemical agents are not even nerve gases. Things like phosgene and chlorine along with mustard gas are still in use. 

Image 4: Israeli missile ranges

Journalists are prime targets for information operations. 

Can we trust media?

That is one thing there is no certain and one answer. Humans are people who are making news. And the news highlights the interest of the people who are making media. If we think purely about technical and scientific news. The people who are making that kind of news and articles should be trained researchers. 

If technical or scientific articles. Are written by some university researchers. Also reading those articles requires some kind of analytic and technical skills. Another thing is that those articles require accurate reading. An analyzer must also read sources. 

Those sources might be very boring. And text is very complicated. In a very complicated scientific text. Every single line can have some mean. So the thing is that reporters might not have the training or interest to read about things that they write. These analyzes are facile. 

Another thing is that the things like DNA genomes and virology are not very often somebody's hobby. Those things are not interesting. And things like RNA retroviruses are not any racecars. Things like vaccine tests are very boring routine missions. So the articles that are written about those things are not very dramatic. 

The thing that controls media is the interest of users of media. And reporters' interest. The thing is that hoaxes and misinformation can form accidentally. If the journalists are not reading or estimating their sources well, that causes problems in the data handling process. 

The thing is that the disinformation or purposely delivered misinformation is forming in somebody's hand or head. The thing that makes that kind of operation problematic is that the primary targets for disinformation operations are reporters and other journalists. 

And when disinformation, what is also called propaganda or PSY-OPS (Psychological Operations) is slipped into trusted news or media service that boosts its effect. The thing is that willing to believe boosts the will to believe. And if a journalist believes something. That thing causes that this person acts as the prime mover in that kind of operation. 

The knowledge of local culture is the thing that makes people use wealth criticism to information. The culture in the western world is always been open. And governments are trusted. But some governments are sharing one-sided information or only information on the government's policy. 

https://nuke.fas.org/guide/dprk/nuke/index.html

https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/

https://www.nti.org/news/new-infographic-north-koreas-strategic-threat/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

Image 1: http://missilethreat.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Indian_Web.png

Image 2: https://www.nti.org/news/new-infographic-north-koreas-strategic-threat/

Image 3: https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/pakistan/

Image 4: https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/styles/desktop__1260_/public/main_images/csisisraelmissiles.jpg?itok=V-V3vXxy

https://writingsaboutmysteries.blogspot.com/

First-time fusion reactor released more energy than it absorbs.

  

 First-time fusion reactor released more energy than it absorbs.

Image 1 Tokamak reactor

I have written before that while we are waiting for fusion power. We should also develop other choices for energy solutions. The thing is that fusion power is near to its breakthrough. But same time nobody knows when the first commercial fusion system is starting to produce energy. So we should not put all toys in the same box. 

But the case that fusion power creates more energy than its fuel absorbs. Is a breakthrough, that nobody expected to see. The fusion power plant could use the pulsing system where the power unit produces energy as the pulses. The thing is that in this case, the energy can transfer to the battery platform. And then it can deliver to the electric network. 

Those batteries can be high-voltage capacitors which are storing the power that is released. When the fusion reactor is delivering its energy. The thing is that the pulsing fusion reactor is not necessary the torus-looking Tokamak reactor. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

Image 2

"Simplified diagram of the beam path of a NIF laser beam. One of 192 similar beamlines". 

"On the left are the amplifiers and optical switch. And on the right is the final spatial filter, switchyard, and optical frequency converter. "(Wikipedia, National Ignition facility)

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

The pulsing fusion reactor can look like a ball. And in that system. There could be the "canon" that shoots the ampules that are filled with fusion fuel to the middle of the chamber. Or two cannons are sending the ionized fusion fuel to the middle of the chamber where those jets are stressed with symmetrical microwaves and lasers. 

In that "ball model" is used the similar technology that is in use in the NIF(National Ignition Facility). If we are thinking of a possibility to shoot the fusion material to the middle of the chamber by using small ampules. That thing makes it possible to control the reaction better. The fusion material can be in the form of an ion and anion. 

That thing makes it possible to create a lightweight, easy-to-control fusion reactor. And the requirement for the success of that system is that it could create more energy than the fuel and the heating process absorb. 

But theoretically, it's possible to create the basket-ball size fusion reactor that bases the idea that the lithium or ionized materials are shot in the middle of the reactor. Those kinds of reactors can use as the power source for the aircraft. 

And then that system can ignite the fuel. There is also the possibility to use some heavier ionized gases where the ion and anion are impacting. In that impact, the point is pointed laser rays and another type of electromagnetic radiation that makes ions and anions melt together. 

https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainstokamaks

https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/us-fusion-reaction-generates-more-energy-than-absorbe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility

Image 1:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

Image 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility

Image 3: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/NIF-engineering-prototype-target-Figure-4-Schematic-of-the-cryogenic-ignition-target_fig4_231079611

Image 4: https://throughthelookingflask.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/nif-drawing.jpg

https://interestandinnovation.blogspot.com/