Four fundamental forces and how they are connecting with preons

   

The impact chamber of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 

(CERN)

Four fundamental forces and how they are connecting with preons

Preons are the subcomponents of the quarks and leptons. At the end of this text is the list of the mentioned things. There you can check what means each term like lepton. 

So the GUT (Great Unified Theory) goes like this. Every particle has the same type of fundamental forces or fundamental interactions. And when the mass of those particles is increasing. The distance where the effect of that force would also increase. And that thing would make the GUT extremely fundamental theory. 

Fundamental interactions are from weakest to strongest

1) Gravitation, the only force that has a long-distance effect

2) Electromagnetism the interaction what keeps electrons near the nucleus of the atoms

3) Weak nuclear interaction, what keeps protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

4) Strong nuclear interaction (color force) the effect that keeps quarks together in the protons and neutrons. 

The reason why the name of the force has changed to interaction is simple. Every component in the universe is affecting each other. That means the electron is pulling the proton to it, as well the proton pulls the electron to it. The proton is dominant in the electron-proton pairs, what we are calling hydrogen. 

But the electron interacts with that combination, and that interaction causes that the energy is transferring to the electron. When an electron orbits proton, it would lose its energy and then move closer to the proton, where it would get more energy for remaining at the orbiting position. 

The problem is that researchers cannot fit gravity to the GUT (Great Unified Theory), because that force is the weakest, but it can also affect in long distance.

 So is gravity the independent fundamental interaction or not, that's an interesting question. There is a possibility that gravitation is the sum of other fundamental forces. The thing that makes the gravity interesting is that there should be antigravitation the rejecting version of gravity. 

But nobody has ever seen that effect. Also the graviton, the transmitting particle of gravity is at the theoretical level. The gravitation has a long-distance effect, and that thing has brought theory that gravity is only one version of the same force, what have three other forms. 

The common thing in four fundamental interactions is that they are all pushing and pulling particles together and away from each other. And this effect makes them interesting. Things like GUT (Great Unified Theory) is not meanless. Because by connecting those four fundamental interactions physicists can show that the forces are the same. 

Thoughts about the theoretical "fifth fundamental interaction" and antigravity

The preons what are the elements of quarks are a thing, what could be the key to the GUT-theory. But it can also be the key to antigravity. In some theories, the free preons can be put in series, and then they can use as the quantum pogo stick, which can make the craft hovering silently over the ground. 

So is there some force, what is the fifth fundamental force or interaction? In this idea the fifth force, what could be the force that keeps preons in the form? A long time physicists believed that the quarks were the smallest particles but then they found preons. Preons are the quantum elements, what are forming quarks. 

Sources: 

Fundamental interaction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

Graviton: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

GUT theory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

Lepton: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton

Quarks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

Preons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preon

Image: https://news.fnal.gov/2016/05/large-hadron-collider-prepares-deliver-six-times-data/

Percival Lowell and his strange research

 

Percival Lowell (1855-1916) C.1904
(Wikipedia)

Percival Lowell and his strange research

Percival Lowell (1855-1916) was a writer, mathematician, businessman, and wealthy amateur astronomer. That man is famous for stories of the water canals on planet Mars and the search of the ninth planet. The fact about the Lowell is the thing, what makes the mystery, is that somebody believed his stories about Martian canals? 

Percival Lowell was an amateur astronomer, and everybody who has similar equipment in use could make sure that the Martian canals were a hoax. So why some people believe that person. 

The claiming about the Martian canals were so absurd, that we can just imagine, why nobody ever took a telescope and then look at Mars? But there are two explanations for those canals that might say that Lowell didn't lie, and he saw straight lines. 

1) Lowell could accidentally observe the Europa moon of Jupiter, and maybe he thought that Europa was Mars. 

2) The ocular or some other part of the optics of telescope that Lowell used was damage. Those damages could be errors in the polishing of the optics. And that means that the scratches that were in the mirrors or lenses of ocular might seem the canals. 

Martian canals depicted by Percival Lowell
(Wikipedia).

But when we are thinking about the background of Lowell that man was the mathematician. He knew how to calculate things like trajectories. That means that Lowell was also a scientist, but not an astronomer. And Lowell should know things like systematic project work. The fact is that Lowell was also a writer and businessman. 

How Lowell even thought that the canals of Mars made by an intelligent race? He used his own Lowell observatory in his work, and there were 60 cm telescope in his use but the question is if Lowell lied, he should know that everybody can make similar observations by using similar equipment and prove that man as a liar?

Before we justify Lowell too harsh, we must realize that he was the man who began work, what was conduct to find dwarf planet Pluto in 1930. One interesting detail of that thing is that  in 1930, Clyde Tombaugh, working at the Lowell Observatory, discovered Pluto near the location expected for Planet X. 

Maybe the answer about the mystery of Martian canals, or rather the thing that somebody believed them is found from the book named "Mars and its canals". The question is about the purpose of that book. Was it meant fact or fiction? Or in some wildest theories, Percival Lowell wanted to set the bait to aliens. He wanted to face those creatures face to face. Was that theory hoax or true? The answer to that knows only one person in the world and that person carried the name Percival Lowell. 

Sources: 

Biography of Percival Lowell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Lowell

Planet Pluto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Lowell

Is planet nine exist or not?

Planet Neptune

Is planet nine exist or not?

The anomalies or interferences in the trajectory of planet Neptune has caused the search of the ninth planet. That search has continued until today. The planet nine is the mystery, what has caused grey hair for astronomers from the finding planet Neptune, and the last explanation has been the grapefruit-size black hole at the outer area of our solar system. 

The fact is that when researchers are saying that they want to solve the mystery of planet nine has been repeated from the year 1846, and the mystery remains. So good luck with the astronomers with this problem. 

Were those errors in the trajectory of Neptune real, when astronomers noticed them? When new measurements of the mass of  Neptune made the trajectory was as it was calculated. And that means that errors could be in calculations, or they can be unique. The last thing means that there were errors, but the errors or the thing that caused those errors vanished. 

So were those errors caused planet, a black hole, or some energy ray, what hits planet Neptune? If some kind of GRB (Gamma-Ray Bursts) or other energy eruption hits Neptune that causes the warming of the atmosphere, and the forming of gas eruption, what could cause the anomalies in the trajectory. 

In some theories, Alpha Centauri, along with Proxima Centauri and Luhman 16 causes those anomalies, when they are in the straight line to our solar system. In that case, the gravity of those stars can cause anomalies.

And this is the nucleus of the problem. The measurements of the mass of the Neptune were uncovering that the anomalies in its trajectory were measurement mistakes. But those anomalies caused at the same time the finding of the dwarf planet Pluto. 

So the question is when those astronomers measured the mass of Neptune, did they take new measurements also from the trajectory of that planet. If those measurements show that the anomalies of the trajectory of planet Neptune do not exist, we must realize that there could be errors in the trajectory before. 

And that thing means that the thing that has caused the anomalies or differences between calculations and real observations might just leave the solar system or maybe that thing what was the planet or black hole, what traveled near our solar system. But the fact is that some Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNO) have unusual elliptic trajectories.  

So that means that the planet nine or Planet X is still living in the calculations. And it can live many years after this day. The fact is that the search for this planet is sometimes very active. 

Sources:

Planet Nine

https://www.space.com/does-planet-nine-exist.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

Trans-Neptunian object

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune

Time travel paradox, the person can travel in time but not change the past

Time travel paradox, the person can travel in time but not change the past

 

Time travel paradox, the person can travel in time but not change the past

The question about the time travel paradoxes is how big a part of the entirety we want to change? What if we travel in time backward and shoot some bloody dictator, what would happen then? The fact is that we don't know. 

The time loop is the case, where we are meeting younger us in the past, and then we are facing the question, what if we accidentally kill the younger us? Or what happens if we are accidentally killing our grandfather or grandmother during our time trip. There is a really interesting model, that we are thinking about as the cyclic time concept. 

So what is the cyclic time? The theory about the cyclic time is simple, even if we are making something in the past, that thing cannot affect things, what is already happening. The cyclic time means that the time is linear, but not congruent entirety. And if something is changed in the past that change would affect only the next cycle of the time. 

https://www.businessinsider.com/time-travel-possible-changing-past-isnt-physics-says-2020-9?r=US&IR=T

The fact is that there are some philosophical thoughts about the case, where the time traveler would accidentally kill the person's grandparents. 

1) Time traveler would disappear immediately because that ever born

2) Time traveler could live normally, because the time is cyclic, and another cycle would start to travel after the death of the younger version of that person. 

3) Time traveler would live normally because that person is adopted, and the persons, who we kill are not the time traveler's biological parents

4) Time traveler would live normally because time travelers' grandmother is already pregnant. 

5)Time traveler would live normally because grandmother cheated the grandfather and that grandfather is not the time travelers' real grandfather. 

About the hypothesis of the intelligent universe

  

The film of the first three levels of Kardashev-scale civilization

About the hypothesis of the intelligent universe

Futurologists have invented theories about the civilizations, what members are undead. That thing is reached by using advanced nanotechnology, or nanorobots which are fixing the DNA of those creatures. And that thing would make them undead. The time would mean different things to them, and that means that they would have different problems. One of the problems is that the sooner or later the star of those civilizations would expand to a red giant, and then erupt as a nova or explode.   

There is also the possibility that there are lifeforms that can live without the atmosphere. That means that in the universe could be the diatoms or some kind of algae. Those theoretical lifeforms could in the rocks where is no atmosphere at all. That means that some planetary nebulas can host life, which is similar to our diatoms.

The problem with the hypothetical level five and higher level civilizations are that they are living in the extremely large scale areas. And the lower level civilizations have problems to make the larger scale civilizations notice their existence. So the level one civilization requires the other levels of civilizations to communicate with level 5 civilizations. And that means that when the civilization would reach a certain level of a technical advantage it would be lost contact with lower creatures, what is living on its planet. 

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale)

Could the universe be the "Cosmic Brahman"? The final goal of the advantage of civilizations, the goal where civilization does is independent also from the material. And could the electromagnetic creature, what has no physical form the goal to the species, what are intelligent enough, that they are not destroying themselves. 

But the most interesting and exotic idea is that could the universe be an intelligent lifeform. That lifeform could be energy, what is in the EEG-form, and that thing would exist in the super cold material, and use energy that comes from black holes and neutron stars. That energy would strengthen those signals. So could the entirety of the universe the final level, what the civilization can reach? The "Cosmic Brahman" the entirety of all civilizations, where all civilizations are coming together. 

When we are looking at the cosmic neural network, we might ask is the universe an intelligent creature? In the hypothesis of the intelligent universe, the black holes and neutron stars are forming the centers in the neural network. That means that the invisible creature would get nutrients from the black holes. 

The fact is that some people think that the universe could have intelligence, but can we communicate with that creature. So the nucleus of this problem is that the universe is extremely large, and we are only a small part of that creature, and even by using the extremely high energy level, we could cause interaction with one of the neurons of that creature. 

And that means it would not notice us. But then we can think that there are many levels of civilizations and the highest level of species can communicate between that giant creature. So could the universe be the intelligent creature in real-life? 

The answer is that the size of that theoretical organism is so huge is that the neural information would take billions of years to travel in it's a neural network, which is more energy than some kind of material. The theory about the intelligent universe is interesting, and it causes discussions. If the universe is intelligent that thing would have different thoughts about time than other creatures. 

The universe is not endless, and this thing is one of the most interesting things, that we know. What happens after the last star has used its nuclear fuel? What happens after the last neutron is broken? The universe itself is a fascinating place and we know that there could be civilizations that are not tied for galaxies. 

Those civilizations are not connected maybe even to the material. That means they could be the form of energy, the radio signals, what is like EEG, and what is stored in the super cold crystals and material outside our galaxy. If that energy creature would exist, it could turn itself into the memory of the computers. 

Dark matter and cosmic "neural network"

Is this only a coincidence?

Dark matter and cosmic "neural network"

The image above portrays the cosmic "neural network", what is the giant structure of the material. The name of that structure is coming from the similarity with the human nervous system. The similarity means that the structures of the neurons or axons are looking like this cosmic megastructure. 

The interesting thing is that the cosmic material is in the formation of looks like our neural system, but that formation shows one interesting thing. The material is in the fiber type formations what means that inside those fibers or channels is more material, than in other places in the universe. 

That thing causes that the material is in the network-looking structures, not in the fully homogeneous formation. The denser areas of the universe are causing the ideas that there could be the wormholes or some other things in those denser areas. So if we cannot observe a thing, that causes those fibers, we might think that the result for those denser areas is the dark matter, which can interact with wormholes. 

The theory or proto-theory goes like this, the wormhole that goes through the universe is extremely thin. That means it has an interaction with particles in the universe, but the interaction is so small, that we cannot recognize it. The size of those wormholes would be smaller than quarks, and those energy channels go through the material without affecting it so much that the effect is visible. 

If the wormhole goes near the black hole, the black hole would curve it like a bowed string instrument, and that thing would send extremely short wave radiation through the universe at this time. But the dark matter is different, and if that thing is only the small-size particles, what is smaller than quarks they could accumulate in the point of the wormhole, and then that thing increases the interaction between material and wormhole. 

This is one speculation that causes the "cosmic neural network". The similarity between this cosmic structure and the human nervous system has caused an idea that the entire universe is an intelligent creature. But that thing is a pure theory or philosophical thinking. 

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-ground-dark.html

The new thing about "Wow!-signal"

"Big Ear" telescope

  

The new thing about "Wow!-signal"

In some explanations, the "Wow!-signal"(1)came from a passing comet, and that's why it was ever repeated. But how comet can send the signals by using those frequencies(2)? Sometimes that signal has been introduced as the missing alien transmission(3). 

The new and open way to think about things is brought to the front of our eyes possibility that somewhere in the universe is the intelligent lifeform. But the great distances can make the contact impossible. The "Wow!-signal" from 1977 could be the radio transmission from the alien civilization, but the fact is that this kind of transmission might come from farther than we ever expect, which could make it unique. Things like gravity lenses and cosmic magnetic fields can increase the power of the radio signal, and that thing can come even from other galaxies. 

So if we are thinking that "Wow!-signal" is coming from other civilization, there is a possibility that the black holes or neutron stars are in the right position, and the gravity lenses or magnetic fields are increasing the power of the radio signal if the signal is coming through them and those fields are inline between the sender and receiver of the message. That means that the signal can be unique. "

The interesting fact about the "Wow!-signal" is that the "Big Ear" telescope, which receives the signal used an early computer for analyzing the data. In the computer had one little programming error, which caused that the antenna, what received that signal couldn't determine. 

The "Big Ear" telescope that received the "Wow!-signal" has two antennas. And that structure forgot to mention for programmers. The code of the computer program that was used to analyze this data didn't store the antenna, which captures that signal. 

So the antenna that received "Wow!-signal" remained a mystery. But the point where that signal is located can solve by using stored data and modern computer technology. The system simply calculates the point where "Wow!-signal" came for both antennas. And then there are two points, where the signal can come. 

But by using modern computer technology, there is possible to calculate the point, where the signal is coming. In that case, the system calculates two points, where the signal came, and one point is for each antenna. And then optical telescopes can search promising stars from the areas of those two points. And of course, other radio telescopes can target those areas. 

(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

(2) https://earthsky.org/space/wow-signal-explained-comets-antonio-paris

(3) https://astronomy.com/news/2020/09/the-wow-signal-an-alien-missed-connection

About "Big Ear" http://www.bigear.org/

Image: https://alienresearch.fandom.com/wiki/The_Big_Ear

Wow!-signal

Why the "Wow!-signal" is sent only once? Why it ever repeated? 

The thing what makes "Wow!-signal" interesting is that thing is unique. It was not repeating, what at least partially closes out the possibility of pulsars. Signals what are coming from pulsars are repeating simultaneously. 

That is the second question. If that signal travels an extremely long time in space that requires the use of powerful energy. There is another way to send the radio signal for a long journey, and that thing is to use radio frequency maser rays. That means that the transmitter sends the coherent radio wave through the universe, and this radio ray would act like a laser, but in a different frequency. 

But what would be the purpose of the "Wow!-signal"? There is a possibility that the signal is a so-called calibration signal, which tells some other systems the frequency, what they should use. But is the "Wow!-signal" made by aliens or is it made by humans is a mystery. If we want to find out the answer, we should try to decode that message. 

We must ask why that signal is sent by using protected frequency if the sender is human? The thing that makes "Wow!-signal" interesting is that it uses the frequency of what is reserved for scientific purposes, and that means that none regular radio system uses those frequencies. And if that thing is some kind of test, why it ever mentioned? Why everybody is so quiet about that case. 

There is a small possibility that some military communication satellites, what transmit data for nuclear weapons use those frequencies but that means those systems could be reserved only for the "doomsday cases". And that means they would not use those frequencies in everyday communication. Or those satellites are so-called "sleepers", what are waiting for "red alert" to improving the communication between missile troops. 

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal